Yellowing, wanda kuma aka sani da "rawaya", yana nufin lamarin cewa saman fararen abubuwa masu launin fari ko haske suna juya rawaya ƙarƙashin aikin yanayin waje kamar haske, zafi da sinadarai. Lokacin da fararen fata da rini suka zama rawaya, kamanninsu za su lalace kuma rayuwar hidimarsu za ta ragu sosai. Don haka, bincike kan musabbabin sanya launin rawaya da kuma matakan hana launin rawaya na daya daga cikin batutuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a gida da waje.
Yadudduka masu launin fari ko haske na nailan da fiber na roba da kuma yadudduka da aka haɗe su suna da haɗari musamman ga rawaya. Rawaya na iya faruwa a cikin aikin rini da ƙarewa, kuma yana iya faruwa a cikin ajiya ko rataye a cikin taga shagon, ko ma a gida. Akwai dalilai da yawa waɗanda zasu iya haifar da launin rawaya. Misali, fiber da kanta yana da saurin yin rawaya (abin da ke da alaƙa), ko sinadarai da ake amfani da su akan masana'anta, kamar ragowar mai da mai laushi (mai alaƙa da sinadarai).
Gabaɗaya, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don sanin abin da ke haifar da launin rawaya, yadda za a saita yanayin sarrafawa, menene sinadarai ya kamata a yi amfani da su ko kuma waɗanne sinadarai ne kawai za a iya amfani da su, da kuma abubuwan da za su haifar da hulɗar launin rawaya, da marufi da adanawa. na yadudduka.
Mun fi mayar da hankali kan babban zafi yellowing da ajiya yellowing na nailan, polyester fiber da na roba fiber blended yadudduka, kamar Lycra, dorlastan, spandex, da dai sauransu.
Abubuwan da ke haifar da launin rawaya
Gas yana raguwa:
—-NOx bututun iskar gas na na'ura mai girma
——Gas ɗin hayaƙin NOx yayin ajiya
——haɓakar da iska
Zazzabi:
——Saitin zafi mai girma
——Matuƙar zafin jiki
——Maganin taushi da zafin jiki mai yawa
Marufi&Ajiye:
--Phenol da aminin hasken rana mai launin rawaya (haske):
--Gwargwadon rini da fluorescein
——Lalacewar zaruruwa
Ƙananan kwayoyin halitta:
——Bakteriya da mold sun lalace
Daban-daban:
——Dangantaka tsakanin softener da fluorescein
Binciken tushen matsaloli da matakan magancewa
Injin saitin
Akwai nau’o’in injunan saiti iri-iri da ake amfani da su a masana’antar masaku, ciki har da waɗanda ake dumama su kai tsaye ta hanyar kona gas da mai ko kuma a fakaice da mai zafi. Samar da damar yin amfani da dumama konewa zai haifar da NOx mai cutarwa, saboda iska mai zafi yana cikin hulɗar kai tsaye tare da iskar gas da man fetur; Yayin da na'ura mai zafi da mai mai zafi ba ta haɗuwa da iskar gas mai zafi da iska mai zafi da ake amfani da shi don saita masana'anta.
Don guje wa wuce kima NOx da injin saitin dumama kai tsaye ke samarwa yayin tsarin saitin zafin jiki, yawanci muna iya amfani da spanscor ɗin mu don cire shi.
Gushewar hayaki da adanawa
Wasu zaruruwa da wasu kayan marufi, irin su filastik, kumfa da takarda da aka sake fa'ida, ana ƙara su tare da antioxidants phenolic yayin sarrafa waɗannan kayan taimako, kamar BHT (butylated hydrogen toluene). Wadannan antioxidants za su amsa tare da hayakin NOx a cikin shaguna da ɗakunan ajiya, kuma waɗannan tururin NOx sun fito ne daga gurɓataccen iska (ciki har da gurɓataccen iska wanda ya haifar da zirga-zirga, alal misali).
Za mu iya: da farko, kauce wa yin amfani da kayan marufi da ke dauke da BHT; Abu na biyu, sanya ƙimar pH ɗin masana'anta ƙasa da 6 (za a iya amfani da fiber don kawar da acid), wanda zai iya guje wa wannan matsalar. Bugu da kari, ana gudanar da maganin maganin yellowing na anti phenol a cikin aikin rini da gamawa don guje wa matsalar phenol yellowing.
Ozone yana faɗuwa
Fadewar Ozone ya fi faruwa a masana'antar tufafi, saboda wasu masu laushi zasu haifar da launin rawaya saboda ozone. Musamman anti ozone softeners iya rage wannan matsala.
Musamman, cationic amino aliphatic softeners da wasu amine gyare-gyaren silikan softeners (maɗaukakin abun ciki na nitrogen) suna da matukar damuwa ga yanayin zafi mai zafi, don haka haifar da rawaya. Zaɓin masu laushi da sakamakon ƙarshe da ake buƙata dole ne a yi la'akari da su a hankali tare da bushewa da yanayin ƙarewa don rage abin da ya faru na rawaya.
high zafin jiki
Lokacin da yadin da aka fallasa zuwa babban zafin jiki, zai zama rawaya saboda oxidation na fiber, fiber da kadi mai mai, da kuma ƙazantaccen masana'anta akan fiber. Wasu matsalolin launin rawaya na iya faruwa yayin danna yadudduka na fiber na roba, musamman ma mata masu ciki (kamar PA / El bras). Wasu samfuran anti yellowing suna da babban taimako don shawo kan irin waɗannan matsalolin.
Kayan tattarawa
Dangantaka tsakanin iskar gas mai dauke da nitrogen oxide da rawaya yayin ajiya an tabbatar da hakan. Hanyar gargajiya ita ce daidaita ƙimar pH na ƙarshe na masana'anta tsakanin 5.5 da 6.0, saboda rawaya yayin ajiya kawai yana faruwa a ƙarƙashin tsaka tsaki zuwa yanayin alkaline. Ana iya tabbatar da irin wannan rawaya ta hanyar wanke acid kawai saboda launin rawaya zai ɓace a ƙarƙashin yanayin acidic. Anti phenol yellowing na kamfanoni kamar Clariant da Tona na iya hana faruwar yellowing na phenol da aka adana yadda ya kamata.
Wannan launin rawaya yana faruwa ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da phenol mai ɗauke da abubuwa kamar (BHT) da NOx daga gurɓataccen iska don samar da abubuwa masu launin rawaya. BHT na iya kasancewa a cikin buhunan filastik, akwatunan takarda da aka sake yin fa'ida, manne, da sauransu.
hasken rana
Gabaɗaya magana, masu ba da fata mai kyalli suna da ƙarancin saurin haske. Idan yadudduka masu ba da haske suna fallasa hasken rana na dogon lokaci, za su zama rawaya a hankali. Ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da ma'aunin fata mai kyalli tare da babban saurin haske don yadudduka tare da buƙatu masu inganci. Hasken rana, a matsayin tushen makamashi, zai lalata fiber; Gilashin ba zai iya tace duk haskoki na ultraviolet ba (raƙuman hasken da ke ƙasa da 320 nm kawai za a iya tacewa). Nailan fiber ne mai saurin kamuwa da rawaya, musamman ma mai sheki ko matte fiber mai ɗauke da pigment. Irin wannan photooxidation zai haifar da yellowing da kuma asarar ƙarfi. Idan fiber yana da babban abun ciki na danshi, matsalar za ta fi tsanani.
microorganism
Mold da kwayoyin cuta kuma na iya haifar da launin rawaya, har ma da launin ruwan kasa ko baƙar fata. Kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta suna buƙatar abubuwan gina jiki don girma, kamar sauran sinadarai na halitta (kamar Organic acid, masu daidaitawa, da kuma surfactants) akan masana'anta. Mahalli mai danshi da zafin jiki na yanayi zai hanzarta haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta.
Wasu dalilai
Masu laushi na cationic za su yi hulɗa tare da masu haskaka haske na anionic don rage fararen yadudduka. Adadin raguwa yana da alaƙa da nau'in mai laushi da damar tuntuɓar atom ɗin nitrogen. Har ila yau tasirin darajar pH yana da mahimmanci, amma ya kamata a guje wa yanayin acid mai karfi. Idan pH na masana'anta ya yi ƙasa da pH 5.0, launi na wakili mai fari mai kyalli shima zai zama kore. Idan masana'anta dole ne su kasance ƙarƙashin yanayin acidic don guje wa phenol yellowing, dole ne a zaɓi mai haske mai haske mai dacewa.
Gwajin phenol yellowing (hanyar aidida)
Akwai dalilai da yawa na phenol yellowing, daga cikinsu mafi mahimmancin dalili shine antioxidant da ake amfani dashi a cikin kayan tattarawa. A mafi yawan lokuta, ana amfani da abubuwan da ke hana phenolic mahadi (BHT) azaman antioxidant na kayan tattarawa. A lokacin ajiya, BHT da nitrogen oxides a cikin iska za su samar da rawaya 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-quinone methide, wanda shine daya daga cikin dalilan da suka fi dacewa don adana yellowing.
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-31-2022