Technology Ikoranabuhanga rishya leaves Amababi yinanasi arashobora gukorwa mumasike ya biodegradable

Imikoreshereze ya buri munsi ya masike yo mu maso iragenda ihinduka buhoro buhoro isoko nshya y’umwanda wera nyuma yimifuka yimyanda.

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2020 bwagereranije ko miliyari 129 zo mu maso zikoreshwa buri kwezi, inyinshi muri zo zikaba ari masike ikoreshwa muri microfibre ya plastike. Hamwe n'icyorezo cya COVID-19, hashyizweho masike zikoreshwa mu bihugu byinshi kugira ngo birinde kwandura COVID-19 kuko zishobora gufasha gukumira ikwirakwizwa rya COVID-19 n'izindi ndwara, bigatuma aya makuru ahora agezwaho amakuru.

Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, mu bihe nk'ibi bikoreshwa cyane, nta gihugu cyashyizeho umurongo ngenderwaho wo gutunganya “ku mugaragaro” ku masike, bigatuma abantu benshi bajugunya imyanda yajugunywe nk'imyanda ikomeye, ibyo bikaba ari ikibazo gikomeye ku kurwanya umwanda ku isi.

Gushakisha igisubizo kirambye ku kibazo cy’umwanda uhumanya isi watewe na masike ikoreshwa ni ngombwa.

Vuba aha, abashakashatsi babiri b’ibinyabuzima bo muri kaminuza ya Gazamada basabye ko imyanda ijyanye n’icyorezo ishobora gutabwa hamwe na masike ishobora kwangirika ikozwe mu mababi yinanasi.

Maskike ishobora kwangirika ikozwe cyane cyane mumibabi yinanasi, kandi kubera ko ikoresha fibre naturel aho gukoresha fibre plastike, mikorobe nka fungi cyangwa bagiteri zirashobora gutangira inzira yo kwangirika vuba nyuma yo kwibizwa mubutaka (biteganijwe ko bizatwara iminsi itatu).

Igishushanyo | Uburyo bwo gukora amababi yinanasi: guhinga inanasi (A), imbuto yinanasi (B), fibre yakuwe mumababi yinanasi (C), fibre yamababi yinanasi ikorerwa muri Indoneziya (D) (Source: Hindawi).

Byumvikane ko inanasi ikunze kugaragara cyane mu turere dushyuha, amakuru ajyanye na yo yerekana ko umusaruro w'inanasi ku isi wageze kuri toni miliyoni 27.82 muri 2020. Amababi y'inanasi afite imwe mu mitsi isanzwe izwi cyane mu bigize fibre (hafi 80%), kandi hariya nuburyo bwinshi bwo kuvana fibre mumababi yinanasi, bigatuma fibre yamababi yinanasi ifatwa nkuburyo bwiza bwa fibre plastike nabashakashatsi ba biotechnology.

Igishushanyo | Ibihugu biza ku isonga mu bihugu by’umusaruro w’inanasi mu 2020, muri byo hakaba harimo Filipine, Kosta Rika na Berezile n’ibihugu bitatu ku isi bitanga inanasi (isoko: Statista).

Ibibabi by'inanasi byera, bifite sheen filament, bifite imbaraga zingana cyane, bifite imiterere myiza kuruta izindi fibre y'ibimera (nka hemp, jute, flax, na canna), kandi byoroshye kwanduza. Ibibabi by'inanasi bitunganijwe kimwe na pamba, ariko byangiza ibidukikije kuruta ipamba.

Ipamba isanzwe ihingwa hamwe nudukoko twangiza udukoko n’ifumbire, kandi ikorwa n’imiti ikaze, imwe muri yo ikaguma kandi ntishobora gukaraba. Ku rundi ruhande, amababi yinanasi, akura nta nyongera kandi ashobora guhindurwa buri mwaka kandi byoroshye kuboneka.

Kugeza ubu, buri mwaka hakorwa amababi menshi yinanasi, usibye igice gito gikozwe muri fibre yamababi yinanasi kandi kigakoreshwa mubikoresho fatizo no kubyaza ingufu ingufu (nko gukora umugozi, impanga, ibikoresho hamwe nibicuruzwa byambarwa). Ubusanzwe bajugunywe nkimyanda yubuhinzi, gukoresha neza aya mababi yinanasi ntibizagabanya gusa kwanduza ibidukikije, ahubwo bizana inyungu mubukungu.

Ni kangahe masike ishobora gukoreshwa kubantu? Mask isanzwe ikoreshwa yo kubaga igizwe nibice bitatu bya polymer. Igice cyo hanze ni ibintu bidakurura (nka polyester), igice cyo hagati ni umwenda udoda (nka polypropilene na polystirene) bikozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gushonga, kandi imbere ni ibikoresho byinjira nka pamba . Polypropilene, ibikoresho bisanzwe bikoreshwa mugukora mask, biragoye kuyimena kuburyo ishobora kuguma mubidukikije mumyaka mirongo, ndetse birashoboka ko imyaka amagana, ihinduka microplastique na nanoplastique.

Usibye gutera umwanda wa pulasitike, masike yataye irashobora no kwegeranya no kurekura imiti yangiza n’ibinyabuzima nka Bisphenol A (BPA), ibyuma biremereye, na mikorobe itera indwara. Muri byo, bispenol A yerekanwe kugira ingaruka za kanseri.

Byongeye kandi, ubundi bushakashatsi bwerekanye ko masike ishobora no kujyanwa ku butaka ikajya mu mazi meza n’ibidukikije byo mu nyanja binyuze mu masoko y’amazi, imigezi itemba, imigezi yo mu nyanja, umuyaga, n’inyamaswa (binyuze mu kwizirika cyangwa kuribwa) iyo bidakusanyijwe neza kandi bigacungwa neza. Raporo yo mu mwaka wa 2020 yakozwe na OceansAsia igira iti: “Hafi ya miliyari 1.56 za masike zo mu maso zizinjira mu nyanja mu 2020, bivamo andi toni 4,680 kugeza kuri 6.240 yanduye ya plastike yo mu nyanja.”

Igishushanyo | Ibishobora kubaho ku bidukikije n'ingaruka za masike yo kubaga ikoreshwa (Source: FESE)

Turashobora kuvuga ko hamwe niterambere risanzwe ryicyorezo, imyanda ya masike izegeranya byinshi kandi byinshi, kandi umwanda wibidukikije uzagenda urushaho kwiyongera. Maskike ishobora guterwa ikozwe mumababi yinanasi, yangirika mubisanzwe kandi ntisohora uburozi bwangiza, bishobora kuba igisubizo cyumwanda wa plastike uterwa na masike.

Ariko, kubera hydrophilique ya fibre yamababi yinanasi, ntabwo ikomeye kandi iramba nka plastiki. Harakenewe ubushakashatsi bwinshi kugirango iki kibazo gikemuke.