Umuhondo, uzwi kandi ku izina rya "umuhondo", bivuga ibintu byerekana ko ubuso bwibintu byera cyangwa byoroheje byijimye bihinduka umuhondo bitewe nuburyo ibintu bimeze nkumucyo, ubushyuhe nubumara. Iyo imyenda yera kandi irangi ihindutse umuhondo, isura yabo izaba yangiritse kandi ubuzima bwabo buzagabanuka cyane. Kubwibyo, ubushakashatsi ku mpamvu zitera umuhondo wimyenda ningamba zo gukumira umuhondo byabaye imwe mu ngingo zishyushye mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yarwo.
Imyenda yera cyangwa yoroheje ya nylon na fibre ya elastike hamwe nigitambara cyavanze bikunze kuba umuhondo. Umuhondo urashobora kugaragara muburyo bwo gusiga irangi no kurangiza, birashobora no kugaragara mububiko cyangwa kumanikwa mumadirishya yububiko, cyangwa no murugo. Hariho impamvu nyinshi zishobora gutera umuhondo. Kurugero, fibre ubwayo ikunda guhinduka umuhondo (ibintu bifitanye isano), cyangwa imiti ikoreshwa kumyenda, nkibisigisigi byamavuta hamwe nogukoresha ibintu byoroshye (bifitanye isano nimiti).
Muri rusange, irindi sesengura rirasabwa kumenya icyateye umuhondo, uburyo bwo gushyiraho uburyo bwo gutunganya, imiti igomba gukoreshwa cyangwa gusa imiti ishobora gukoreshwa, nizihe mpamvu zizatera imikoranire yumuhondo, hamwe nugupakira no kubika y'imyenda.
Twibanze cyane kubushyuhe bwinshi bwumuhondo no kubika umuhondo wa nylon, fibre polyester na fibre ivanze ya elastike, nka Lycra, dorlastan, spandex, nibindi.
Impamvu zitera umuhondo
Umwuka wa gaze ：
——Nta flue gaz ya mashini ingana
——Nta gaz ya flux mugihe cyo kubika
—— Kumurika
Ubushyuhe ：
—— Ubushyuhe bukabije
—— Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru burapfa
—— Kworoshya no kuvura ubushyuhe bwinshi
Gupakira & Ububiko ：
——Fenol na amine bifitanye isano n'umuhondo w'izuba (umucyo):
—— Kugabanuka kw'amabara na fluorescein
——Gutesha agaciro fibre
Ibinyabuzima bito ：
—— Yangiritse na bagiteri
Dutandukanye ：
—— Isano iri hagati yoroshye na fluorescein
Isesengura ryinkomoko yibibazo na Countermeasures
Gushiraho imashini
Hariho ubwoko butandukanye bwimashini zishyiraho zikoreshwa munganda zimyenda, harimo izishyuha bitwikwa no gutwika gaze namavuta cyangwa gushyukwa kuburyo butaziguye namavuta ashyushye. Amahirwe yo gushiraho ubushyuhe bwo gutwika azabyara NOx yangiza cyane, kubera ko umwuka ushyushye uhura neza na gaze yaka na peteroli; Mugihe imashini yo gushiraho yashyutswe namavuta ashyushye ntabwo ivanga gaze yaka numwuka ushushe ukoreshwa mugushiraho umwenda.
Kugira ngo twirinde NOx ikabije yakozwe na mashini yo gushyushya itaziguye mugihe cyo gushyiraho ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, turashobora gukoresha spanscor yacu kugirango tuyiveho.
Umwotsi ucika no kubika
Fibre zimwe hamwe nibikoresho bimwe byo gupakira, nka plastiki, ifuro nimpapuro zongera gukoreshwa, byongewemo na antioxydants ya fenolike mugihe cyo gutunganya ibyo bikoresho bifasha, nka BHT (hydrogen toluene ya butylated). Iyi antioxydants izakira hamwe numwotsi wa NOx mububiko no mububiko, kandi ibyo byuka bya NOx bituruka ku ihumana ry’ikirere (harimo n’umwanda uhumanya ikirere uterwa n’umuhanda, urugero).
Turashobora: icya mbere, twirinde gukoresha ibikoresho byo gupakira birimo BHT; icya kabiri, kora pH agaciro kumyenda iri munsi ya 6 (fibre irashobora gukoreshwa mugutandukanya aside), ishobora kwirinda iki kibazo. Byongeye kandi, kuvura umuhondo wa anti fenol bikorwa muburyo bwo gusiga irangi no kurangiza kugirango wirinde ikibazo cyumuhondo wa fenol.
Ozone irashira
Ozone igabanuka cyane cyane mubikorwa byimyenda, kubera ko koroshya ibintu bimwe na bimwe bizatera imyenda yumuhondo kubera ozone. Korohereza anti ozone byoroshye kugabanya iki kibazo.
By'umwihariko, cationic amino aliphatic yoroshya hamwe na amine yahinduwe na silikani yoroheje (irimo azote nyinshi) yunvikana cyane nubushyuhe bwo hejuru, bityo bigatera umuhondo. Guhitamo koroshya nibisubizo byanyuma bisabwa bigomba gusuzumwa neza hamwe no kumisha no kurangiza kugirango hagabanuke ibara ry'umuhondo.
ubushyuhe bwinshi
Iyo imyenda ihuye nubushyuhe bwo hejuru, izahinduka umuhondo bitewe na okiside ya fibre, fibre na spinning lubricant, hamwe nigitambara cyanduye kuri fibre. Ibindi bibazo byumuhondo bishobora kugaragara mugihe ukanze imyenda ya fibre synthique, cyane cyane imyenda yimbere yimbere yabagore (nka PA / El bras). Ibicuruzwa bimwe birwanya umuhondo bifasha cyane gutsinda ibibazo nkibi.
Gupakira ibikoresho
Isano iri hagati ya gaze irimo aside ya azote hamwe n'umuhondo mugihe cyo kubika byagaragaye. Uburyo gakondo nuguhindura pH agaciro kanyuma yimyenda hagati ya 5.5 na 6.0, kuko umuhondo mugihe cyo kubika uba gusa utabogamye mubihe bya alkaline. Umuhondo nk'uwo urashobora kwemezwa no gukaraba aside gusa kubera ko umuhondo uzashira mugihe cya aside. Kurwanya fenol yumuhondo wibigo nka Clariant na Tona birashobora gukumira neza ko habaho ibara ry'umuhondo wabitswe.
Uyu muhondo uterwa ahanini no guhuza fenol irimo ibintu nka (BHT) na NOx bituruka ku ihumana ry’ikirere kugirango bitange ibintu byumuhondo. BHT irashobora kubaho mumifuka ya pulasitike, amakarito yimpapuro zongeye gukoreshwa, kole, nibindi.
izuba
Muri rusange, florescent yera yera ifite umuvuduko muke. Niba imyenda yera ya fluorescent ihuye nurumuri rwizuba igihe kirekire, bizahinduka umuhondo. Birasabwa gukoresha ibikoresho byera bya fluorescent bifite umuvuduko mwinshi kumyenda hamwe nibisabwa byujuje ubuziranenge. Imirasire y'izuba, nk'isoko y'ingufu, izatesha agaciro fibre; Ikirahure ntigishobora gushungura imirasire yose ya ultraviolet (gusa imiraba yumucyo iri munsi ya 320 nm irashobora kuyungurura). Nylon ni fibre ikunda guhinduka cyane, cyane cyane igice cya gloss cyangwa matte fibre irimo pigment. Ubu bwoko bwa fotooxidation buzatera umuhondo no gutakaza imbaraga. Niba fibre ifite ubuhehere bwinshi, ikibazo kizaba gikomeye.
mikorobe
Ibibumbano na bagiteri birashobora kandi gutera umwenda w'umuhondo, ndetse umwanda cyangwa umukara. Ibumba na bagiteri bikenera intungamubiri kugira ngo bikure, nk'imiti ikomoka ku bimera isigaye (nka acide organic, agent iringaniza, hamwe na surfactants) ku mwenda. Ibidukikije nubushyuhe bwibidukikije bizihutisha imikurire ya mikorobe.
Izindi mpamvu
Iyoroshya rya cationic izakorana na anionic fluorescent yamurika kugirango igabanye umweru wimyenda. Igipimo cyo kugabanuka kijyanye nubwoko bworoshye hamwe n'amahirwe yo guhura na atome ya azote. Ingaruka zagaciro ka pH nazo ni ingenzi cyane, ariko hagomba kwirindwa imiterere ikomeye ya aside. Niba pH yimyenda iri munsi ya pH 5.0, hue yumukozi wera wa fluorescent nayo izahinduka icyatsi. Niba umwenda ugomba kuba mubihe bya acide kugirango wirinde umuhondo wa fenol, hagomba gutoranywa urumuri rukwiye rwa fluorescent.
Ikizamini cyumuhondo wa fenol (uburyo bwa aidida)
Hariho impamvu nyinshi zitera umuhondo wa fenol, murizo mpamvu zingenzi cyane ni antioxydants ikoreshwa mubikoresho byo gupakira. Kenshi na kenshi, inzitizi ziterwa na fenolike (BHT) zikoreshwa nka antioxydeant y'ibikoresho byo gupakira. Mugihe cyo kubika, BHT na azote mu kirere bizakora umuhondo 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-quinone methide, iyi ikaba ari imwe mu mpamvu zishobora gutuma umuhondo ubikwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-31-2022